Human Development Across the Lifespan Essays

Human Development Across the Lifespan Essays Human Development Across the Lifespan Paper Human Development Across the Lifespan Paper psychodynamic 1. Advocates of the __________ perspective believe that much of behavior is motivated by inner, unconscious forces, memories, and conflicts of which a person has little awareness of control . social cognitive learning 2. Jerome learns about etiquette by observing how his father interacts with his mother. This type of learning can be described as________. qualitative; quantitative 3. Piaget’s view assuming that thinking undergoes_________ advances, but the information-processing approach assumes that development is marked by________ advances. microsystem 4. Your family, friends, and classmates are part of your: some experiments would be unethical 5. Why don’t lifespan researchers always use experiments? Children are more or less more of a â€Å"blank slate† written on by others or the environment, rather than active participants in their development. 6. Key issues in Lifespan development includes all of the following EXCEPT Interactions with each others and society across the lifespan 8. Erik Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development focus on: a critical period 9. We watched a YouTube clip of young geese imprinted on Konrad Lorenz at birth. This is an example of___________. amniocentisis 10. Which test can be used to accurately (definitively) determine the sex of the child: Poverty rates have gradually decreased in the U.S. during the last decade False a recent increase in alcohol consumption by pregnant women 12. A recent report said that maternal death rates in the U.S. are rising, and suggested that this may be due to all of the following EXCEPT: goal directed behavior 13. Baby Dionne is playing in her crib and reaches to pull back a blanket that is partially covering the teddy bear that she wants to play with. Piaget would say that this is an example of ________. secondary circular reaction 14. Ryan accidently hits his crib and it makes an interesting noise. Ryan decides to repeat the action again. This is known as ________. folic acid; spina bifida 15. Any woman who could become pregnant should be sure she gets enough _______ to prevent ________ in her infant if she did become pregnant. reaction range 16. The nature vs nurture, genetics usually set a range of possibilities called passive 17. A child’s biological parents (with whom she lives) chooses and educational toys for her, and because she is genetically related to them, she readily accepts and uses these objects. This is an example of the __________ genotype-environment effect. there is no scientific evidence in bonding in humans 18. Research on bonding in humans indicates that_________. depth perception 19. The visual cliff is used to test infants_________. plasticity 20. ___________ refers to the idea that a developing structure (like the young brain) or a behavior is modifiable due to experience. Has more antibodies to prevent against disease and may improve brain development Breast milk: embryonic stage 22. What is the name of the period from 2 to 8 weeks following fertilization during which significant growth occurs in the major organs and body system? polygenic inheritance 23. For many human characteristics, a combination of multiple gene pairs is involved in producing a particular characteristic. This is known as: classical conditioning 24. One- and two-day-old newborns who are stroked on the head just before breast feeding and receiving a sweet- tasting liquid soon learn to suck and turn their head at the head stroke. This is an example of: infants have rudimentary mathematical skills 25. The study illustrated in the textbook with Mickey Mouse statuettes in which the statues were hidden behind a barrier and then revealed led to the conclusion that___________. neonatal jaundice 26. Katherine was born five weeks premature. Because her liver did not work efficiently at first, she developed a yellowish tinge to her body. What is this condition? habituation 27. A newborn who shows interest and surprise at first seeing a novel toy but may not show interest after seeing the same toy several times is demonstrating what type of learning (when she no longer shows interest)? principle of heirarchial integration 28. Once Hannah has learned to control and combine the movement of her fingers, she quickly learned how to grasp and reach her rattle. This skill illustrates the: synaptic pruning 29. If a babies experience do not stimulate certain nerves or nerve connections, then these nerve connections will be eliminated, a process known as _______________. myelin 30. What is the fatty substance that help helps insulate neurons and spread the transmission of nerve impulses? rooting 35. What is the term for the reflex where the neonate tends to turn its head towards things that touch its cheek? 12 36. Babies are typically able to walk independently (i.e. without holding on to objects around __________months of age. direct motor behavior 37. Piaget argued that infants acquire knowledge through__________. infantile amnesia 38. Most people cannot remember their early childhood, a phenomenon known as________. automization 39. __________ refers to the degree to which an activity requires attention. assimilation 40. Eight-month-old Kimberly responds to her first plum by rolling it around her high chair tray as if it was her red rubber ball. This demonstrates the Piagetian process of: experimentation 41. Piaget observed his son Laurent dropping a toy swan repeatedly, varying the position from which he dropped it, [and] carefully observing each time to see where it fell. This is an example of: mental representation 42. Piaget calls an internal image of past events or objects a(n)________ deferred imitation 43. When a child is able to pretend that he/she is able to drive a car, feeding a doll, or cooking dinner after he/she has witnessed such scene, and the person the child witnessed doing the activity is no longer present, this is called: nativistic approach 44. What is the term for the theory that is genetically determined, innate mechanism directs language development (this was Chomsky’s theory)? Children prefer it, it is related to linguistic competence, and it is related to early acquisition of words 45. It is important to speak to your child using infant-direct speech because________. complexities 46. Contemporary approaches to infant intelligence suggest that the_________ with which infants process information may correlate most strongly with later intelligence. Their ability to use sign language starting at about 6 months and their ability to perform deferred imitation tasks earlier than Piaget believed 47. What evidence has been used to suggest that children have attained some level of symbolic representation at a younger age than Piaget had suggested? Putting a baby to sleep on its back 48. Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for SIDS for babies who are less than 5 months old? mothers consumption of alcohol during pregnancy 49. The primary, PREVENTABLE cause of mental retardation is: responses to the environment 50. Dr. Brazelton developed an assessment called the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale primarily to assess: Increased cognitive abilities of the infant Emerging bonds with the parents 1. Separation anxiety and stranger anxiety that begin after the first year represent: An infant sees her fathers facial expression of encouragement and her mothers facial expression of fear 2. In which of the following scenarios is social referencing most likely to be stressful for and infant: food alone is insufficient to bring about attachment 3. Harry Harlow’s class study with the cloth and wire monkeys illustrates that _________ rhythmicity 4. An infant keeps a very regular schedule of hunger, sleep, and excretion. This relates to which dimension of temperament. primary circular 5. According to Piaget, an infant who at first by chance gets her thumb in her mouth and then purposefully repeats the action is exhibiting: in the first 18 months of life 6. According to Erikson, when do children pass through the trust- vs.- mistrust stage: goodness of fit 7. The term _________ reflects how well parents match or work with their child’s behavior. For example, my nephew had a difficult temperament but became easier over time as his mother reacted to him with warmth and consistency. In some instances is associated with abusive parenting May lead to dissocociative experiences in adolescence 8. The disorganized/disoriented attachment style_________ Sensitivity to their infants needs and desires 9. What is the hallmark of mothers of securely attached infants? reciprocal socialization 11. The process in which infants behaviors invite further responses from†¦about the father responses from infants is________. a sense of self awareness 12. As discussed in class, a red spot was put on an elephant’s head and placed in front of a mirror to look at. The elephant looked at the mirror and used his trunk to touch his reflection, researchers doing this suggested that the elephant has future academic success Head Start was designed to promote_______. slow to warm 14. According to Thomas and Chess, ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬__________ babies are inactive reactions to their environments and may initially withdrawn from new situations theory of mind 15. My dog Chet exhibited his own________ when he tricked the other dog for a treat by pretending there was a possum or raccoon in the back yard. play with her 16. What is Fred most likely to spend time doing with his infant daughter? fast mapping 17. What is the term for instances in which new words are associated with their brief encounter? transformation 18. A 4-year old child is asked to draw a pencil falling. The child draws the pencil falling horizontal with no stages in between. The child shows that she does not understand Most common kind of illness preschool yearsMay help children build up immunity to severe illnesses Mat promote coping skills minor illnesses such as colds No TV / 1-2 hrs. a day 20. The average preschooler watches 21 hours of TV a week, but the American Accociation of Pediatrics recommends________ for kids under 2 and ________over that. Tiny amounts of lead typically do not harm most children 21. Which of the following about lead poisoning is FALSE? spatial relationships 22. The left hemisphere of the brain becomes more specialized during the p†¦.following areas except: Increased criminal convictions by age 30, for those who like TV violence Increased bullying and aggressive behaviors An inscensitivity for the suffering of victims of violence. 23. The impacts of watching violent programs on TV includes_______. preschool years 24. Which of the following stages is a period where the general level of physical and †¦are extraordinary high centration 25. Madeline is working to teach 4-year-old daughter, Eliza, how to count. She places in one row with very little space between the buttons, and the 8 buttons in another row†¦ between the buttons; therefore, the second row is longer than the first. Then Madeline asked daughter which row has more buttons. Inevitably, Eliza chooses the second row ,†¦knows that 10 is more than 8. What is this an example of? their memory is fragile and easily changed 26. Which of the following is true about children’s, particularly preschoolers eye witness testimony? they lack understanding of conservation When giving kids in the 2-7 year age range glasses of organic apple juice, it helped†¦ same size cup because they have difficulty accepting the idea that a short, wide cup †¦much as a tall skinny glass, that is________ they should begin when they show signs of readiness 28. According of the American Acadamy of Pediatrics, when should children be potty trained? Helps children solve problems and reflect on difficulties they encounter. 29. According to Vygotsky, private speech______. flexible 30. Brazelton suggests a_______ approach to toilet training. collectivism 31. _________ is a philosophy that promotes the notion of independence Try to do more and more things independently and may become frustrated and afraid to fail. Erikson says that Preschool aged children tend to: associative 33. What is the term for play in which two or more children actually interact with sharing or borrowing of materials, although they do not do the same thing? Boys are shaped more towards independence, girls towards dependence 34. In terms of gender, which of the following is TRUE? social-learning approach 35. Three-year-old Susan is exposed to repeats of older television programs which†¦men in highly traditional roles and have a powerful influence in her identification of male behavior. The explanation for Susan’s gender development is based on the: Watch the kids and start doing what they are doing 36. What is a â€Å"skilled† way for children to enter into group play? authoritative 37. Leo and Mary use firm control with their children but encourage communication in rule setting within the family. What is their parenting style? motivation to achieve 38. Maurice and Mary are children of authoritarian parents. They are likely to†¦ of the following characteristics (based on their gender) EXCEPT: Kids are less likely to internalize their parents rulesAre more likely to be aggressive 39. As a result of spanking, ________ cycle of violence 40. The ________ hypothesis points to the likelihood that person†¦. May turn into abusive as adults â€Å"I have brown eyes and black hair† 41. Jamie is a 4-year-old girl. When asked to describe herself she is most likely to say: mildly retarded 42. Ted is mentally retarded, having an IQ of 65, he is a janitor, can read and write and lives in an apartment by himself. What classification of mental retardation does he have? scaffolding 43. What is the term used to describe the support a child might receive that does something she can’t do independently? De-center and reverse operations 47. According to Piaget, during concrete operational stage kids first begin: fluid intelligence 48. When you are playing arcade games and attempting to drive a car†¦.the type of intelligence you would be using would be_____. sensorimotor 51. The first stage of cognitive development according to Piaget is: quantitative 54. The information processing approach emphasized changes in development is called: goal directed behavior 57. Baby Dionne is playing in her crib†¦ pull back blanket that is covering teddy bear she wants to play with.. this is an example of: direct motor behavior 58. Piaget argued that infants acquire knowledge through: accommodation 59. John makes minor changes to his schemes every time he has a new†¦called: mental representation 60. Piaget called an internal image of a past event or object a(n): tends to be increasingly related to particular competencies tends to increase during elementary school tends to decline slightly upon entering middle school Self- esteem during middle childhood for European- American kids: It protects ones self image What is the effect of making downward social comparisions? conventional morality A seventh grade student is tempted to cheat on an exam, but talks himself out of it because he is afraid he will get caught and flunk the course. The student is demonstrating: The original work was done primarily on white males and doesn’t fit women An individuals judgments are not the same as their actual behaviors Criticism of Kohlberg’s work on moral development include: Morality of nonviolence What is Carol Gilligan’s final stage of moral development for women? Teach kids to leave situations in which bullying can occur Teach kids to not get upset by the bully’s taunts Teach them they are not responsible for the bully’s behavior Which of the following can help victims stop bullying? experience sleep problems, anxiety and depression within the first 2 years tend to recover to pre-divorce levels of function within 2 years of the divorce . Most children of divorce; tend to exhibit few differences compared to other families Families with gay and lesbian parents: Girls typically fare worse once their mother has remarried 12. Which of the following is TRUE about divorce/ remarriage? expectation- outcome Barbara expected more out of one of her students because she had †¦ student had excelled the previous year. When the student met her expectations†¦ egocentrism Which of the following is a type of thinking that is evident in both early childhood: metacognition Sally is able to take her understanding of the general concepts about how a to predict how pendulums with different weights might compare. She is using: glass ceiling The_________ effect refers to the limited promotions and career advancement often faced in the workplace. HPV Which very common STI has been identified as the leading causes of cervical cancer? false consensus effect Many adolescents begin to drink because conspicuous examples of drunkenness convince them to assume that everyone is drinking heavily. This is known as: identity achievement According to James Marcia the status of adolescents who commit to a particular of crisis during which they consider various alternatives is called: personal fable . Renee engages in unprotected sexual intercourse with her boyfriend because she doesn’t think she can get pregnant or that she could get a sexually transmitted disease, is an example of: virginity pledges Which is NOT one of the factors attributed to the decline in teenage pregnancy rates: sex cleavage At age 13, Julie hangs out with a group which consists of all girls, which is typical for a†¦ grouping is called: socialized delinquent Jeb is psychologically normal but shoplifts when pressured by his peers. How would†¦ controversial Adolescents who are liked by some and disliked by others are called: form intimate relationships According to Erikson, I Early adulthood one of the major tasks is to: Girls attempt suicide more frequently than boys Which of the following is an accurate statement about adolescents suicide? Comprehensive sex education programs are less effective than abstinence Which of the following is FALSE? obsessive fantasies Bipolar disorder is typically characterized by each of the following EXCEPT: hallucinations and delusions Schizophrenia is often characterized by: may be exhibited as confussion may be exhibited may be mis diagnosed as dementia In the elderly, depression: postformal thought When Sam was an adolescent, he saw the world in terms or â€Å"right or wrong† ideas he understands that what might be â€Å"right† for him might be â€Å"wrong† for someone else is more relativistic thinking called: binge and purge Individuals with bulimia practical intelligence Mary is a successful cheif executive officer of a marketing firm. She gained her success by being able to learn about the norms of appropriate behavior in the firm. Mary is high in: meta-memory when studying for this exam, you likely thought about the strategies †¦rehearsal or trying to come up with examples of the material. Thinking ahead is an example of_______. asthma Which of the following health problems of middle childhood has increases over the past several decades? sensorimotor The first stage of cognitive development according to Piaget: Limit where they go b/c of fear of a panic attack Individuals who have agoraphobia

101 The Conversation and They Say Professor Ramos Blog

101 The Conversation and They Say The Conversation Quick Write What is the difference between writing in high school and writing in college? The Conversation We have already learned two important concepts: Literacy Writing Process The third concept is the metaphor of the conversation. What we are studying now, has a long history. People have been writing and researching everything you can think of. For example, the conversation on how to speak well goes back a couple thousand years to Aristotle, Plato, and others that came before. How does this relate to writing? Everything you will write about from now on, needs to be based in a conversation. A scholarly one, a scientific one, a popular one. To know what has been said before, you need to read and research. Why does this matter? Burke’s â€Å"Unending Conversation† Metaphor Kenneth Burke writes: Imagine that you enter a parlor. You come late. When you arrive, others have long preceded you, and they are engaged in a heated discussion, a discussion too heated for them to pause and tell you exactly what it is about. In fact, the discussion had already begun long before any of them got there, so that no one present is qualified to retrace for you all the steps that had gone before. You listen for a while, until you decide that you have caught the tenor of the argument; then you put in your oar. Someone answers; you answer him; another comes to your defense; another aligns himself against you, to either the embarrassment or gratification of your opponent, depending upon the quality of your ally’s assistance. However, the discussion is interminable. The hour grows late, you must depart. And you do depart, with the discussion still vigorously in progress. Journals Journals from now on should begin with a summary of the reading. Pick a point or topic to summarize. Chapter 2, which we are reading for next class, explains how to summarize and gives so tips. After reading chapter 2, summarize the reading Cullington, Does Texting Affect Writing? Sample Literacy Narratives Rediscovering Reading Protect Yourself at All Times â€Å"They Say† Chapter 1 argues that good academic writing responds to what others are saying. What â€Å"They Say† is important to include in academic writing and is one way we can include the conversation when we write. The chapter includes templates for introducing standard views, implied or assumed and ongoing debates. Why do you think this is important? Entering the Conversation The introduction to the textbook, page 1, explains that the book relies on templates to help us do the basic moves of writing. The templates are guides that when used help us to structure and generate our own writing. We will talk a lot about approaches to writing and how to think about writing, as well as use the templates provided to help us practice the principles of writing. State your own ideas as a response to others. You are just entering a conversation that has been going on for thousands of years. You are not expected to know everything, but you are expected to begin to understand what others have said before and how to find it. To argue means more than just stating your own position. To argue you need to enter into a conversation with others views. Then you can try to convince others of your position or just to see your position as valid. Where does Carr include the conversation in his article? Nicholas Carr Is Google making us Stupid? Carr argues that the internet affects our cognitive capacities, diminishing out ability to concentrate and to learn. Take two minutes and write something to share with the class. Why does Carr begin with lines from  2001: A Space Odyssey? Literacy Moment You should begin to narrow down the literacy you are interested in writing about. To get us thinking about that literacy, pick a scene related to it from your past experience. It can be in the car with your dad, it can be sitting on your mom’s lap reading a book, etc. Pick one scene and draw it out on a piece of paper. Use the full page, add as much detail as you can remember. Share your drawing with a neighbor. Tell them about the moment and the literacy. What you just shared with your neighbor, write it down. Keep it short, one to two paragraphs. Quick Write In your own words, what is the Conversation? Homework Chapter 2 (â€Å"Her Point Is†: The Art of Summarizing) MICHAELA CULLINGTON â€Å"Does Texting Affect Writing?†Ã‚  p. 462  JOURNAL 2 Bullying is unwanted and aggressive behavior that involves an imbalance of power and is repeated. There are three characteristics to bullying: unwanted and aggressive behavior an imbalance of power and is repeated.101 The Conversation and They Say The Conversation Quick Write What is the difference between writing in high school and writing in college? The Conversation We have already learned two important concepts: Literacy Writing Process The third concept is the metaphor of the conversation. What we are studying now, has a long history. People have been writing and researching everything you can think of. For example, the conversation on how to speak well goes back a couple thousand years to Aristotle, Plato, and others that came before. How does this relate to writing? Everything you will write about from now on, needs to be based in a conversation. A scholarly one, a scientific one, a popular one. To know what has been said before, you need to read and research. Why does this matter? Burke’s â€Å"Unending Conversation† Metaphor Kenneth Burke writes: Imagine that you enter a parlor. You come late. When you arrive, others have long preceded you, and they are engaged in a heated discussion, a discussion too heated for them to pause and tell you exactly what it is about. In fact, the discussion had already begun long before any of them got there, so that no one present is qualified to retrace for you all the steps that had gone before. You listen for a while, until you decide that you have caught the tenor of the argument; then you put in your oar. Someone answers; you answer him; another comes to your defense; another aligns himself against you, to either the embarrassment or gratification of your opponent, depending upon the quality of your ally’s assistance. However, the discussion is interminable. The hour grows late, you must depart. And you do depart, with the discussion still vigorously in progress. Journals Journals from now on should begin with a summary of the reading. Pick a point or topic to summarize. Chapter 2, which we are reading for next week, explains how to summarize and gives some tips. After reading chapter 2, summarize the reading. Sample Literacy Narratives Rediscovering Reading Protect Yourself at All Times â€Å"They Say† Chapter 1 argues that good academic writing responds to what others are saying. What â€Å"They Say† is important to include in academic writing and is one way we can include the conversation when we write. The chapter includes templates for introducing standard views, implied or assumed and ongoing debates. Why do you think this is important? Entering the Conversation The introduction to the textbook, page 1, explains that the book relies on templates to help us do the basic moves of writing. The templates are guides that when used help us to structure and generate our own writing. We will talk a lot about approaches to writing and how to think about writing, as well as use the templates provided to help us practice the principles of writing. State your own ideas as a response to others. You are just entering a conversation that has been going on for thousands of years. You are not expected to know everything, but you are expected to begin to understand what others have said before and how to find it. To argue means more than just stating your own position. To argue you need to enter into a conversation with others views. Then you can try to convince others of your position or just to see your position as valid. Where does Carr include the conversation in his article? Nicholas Carr Is Google making us Stupid? Carr argues that the internet affects our cognitive capacities, diminishing out ability to concentrate and to learn. Take two minutes and write something to share with the class. Why does Carr begin with lines from  2001: A Space Odyssey? Literacy Moment You should begin to narrow down the literacy you are interested in writing about. To get us thinking about that literacy, pick a scene related to it from your past experience. It can be in the car with your dad, it can be sitting on your mom’s lap reading a book, etc. Pick one scene and draw it out on a piece of paper. Use the full page, add as much detail as you can remember. Share your drawing with a neighbor. Tell them about the moment and the literacy. What you just shared with your neighbor, write it down. Keep it short, one to two paragraphs. Quick Write In your own words, what is the Conversation? Bullying is unwanted and aggressive behavior that involves an imbalance of power and is repeated. There are three characteristics to bullying: unwanted and aggressive behavior an imbalance of power and is repeated.

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 137

Summary - Essay Example It is argued that probability can be used in the game by always betting on the same color.This, according to the author, increases winning chances. When one looses, the article argues that the next bet should be doubled until the next win (Thomson, 2009). The second idea is card counting in casino games where it is argued that keeping track of discarded cards to know what is left increases winning chances. The article goes ahead to discuss the use of probability in lottery and bookie games. In lottery it is claimed that chances of winning and increased by choosing unpopular numbers. Spreading bets between two bookies is also argued to increase chances of success (Thomson, 2009). I do not agree with the author’s idea of spreading bets between bookies in order to increase the chances of winning. According to the author this strategy works because the bets of the two bookies are normally not equal and they try to make the other not to win. I don not agree with this because of the fact that this defensive tactic is rarely used. In as much as players try to prevent the other from not winning, the majority focus on maximizing their success the same way the one who places his or her bet between the bookies does. This therefore means that if the third party plays safe, he has an equal chance of losing and winning and therefore the argument that he has higher winning chances seems invalid in my

Biography of Albert Einstein Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Biography of Albert Einstein - Essay Example Thus Einstein spent only six weeks in his place of birth. The image of Albert Einstein as an intellectual giant does not relate to skills as a kid. He could scarcely talk till the age of three. Taking this disadvantage into consideration, it was not expected that he would become a scientist whom the world would remember and respect for ever. Despite the problem in speaking, Einstein used to be very constructive and creative right from his early childhood. It has been recorded that he was really good in making tall card castles. It was also evident that he was different from his peers and had interests quite varied from that of children of his age. One ideal example of this is that he did not enjoy playing soldier which used to be a very common game amongst children of his age. Interestingly, at the age of twelve he got totally involved in a geometry book (Lewis, 1985). For a boy of this age to get interested in geometry when children of his age played around with toy cars, suggested the extra ordinary scientific aptitude he possessed even early during his childhood. Education The initial days of Albert Einstein’s schooling was done in Munich. He began his schooling at the Luitpold Gymnasium (Lewis, 1985). He was not a bright student at this school. It has also been argued that as a young boy with high aptitude in Science, the school and the syllabus could not be of interest to Einstein. In the autobiography notes of Einstein it has been mentioned that he developed disinterest in the education system and distrust on the educators. However, the fact that Einstein does live up to the academic standards that the school doesn’t mean that he was slow student. It has been recorded in his autobiography that he came up with his own proof for the Pythagoras theory early in the age of 12 (Einstein,1987). Later, in the year 1894, the family business which was run in Munich collapsed. The family was forced to move from Munich. Young Einstein was of fifteen the n. He had to drop out of high school. The family moved to Italy. Einstein took a break from his education for a year as the family was still getting adapted to and settled in Italy. The next year he tried getting into Eidgen?ossiche Technische Hochschule which is the Federal Institute of Technology.. However he couldn’t pass the entrance examination. He then studied for a year in Swiss high School. He graduated from this school in the year 1896 (Lewis, 1985). This qualification further helped him get admitted to Eidgen?ossiche Technische Hochschule. He was not a bright student here in the Federal Institute as well. It has been reported by a number of researchers that Einstein’s teachers didn’t even expect him to pass this course. He continuously tried to organize a University scholarship to support his studies and living expenses. Attributing to the poor academic records all these efforts were turned down by the University. He also tried to get into a job of a h igher secondary teacher along with his studies so that he could manage his living expenses. He was not successful in getting this as well. He successfully graduated from Eidgen?ossiche Technische Hochschule in the year 1900. An analysis of the schooling and education of Einstein suggests that he never had been a bright student. He studies in three different countries including Germany, Italy and Switzerland. Early Years of Work Albert Einstein’s initial days of professional endeavors were unduly in nature. He had to survive with small scale jobs for many years. He had been relying on temporary tutoring and teaching jobs for his survival. Being a mediocre in terms of academic performance, he couldn’

Target based industry Essay Example for Free

Target based industry Essay How will you influence people to strive willingly for group objectives in your organization (Target based industry)? Apply your interpersonal influence through communication process towards attaining your specialized goals? Answer: Group objectives essentially mean that a group of individuals recruited into an organization have the same objectives to achieve in the same time frame. There can be many such groups in an organization having their own group objectives. For Example: A medical device company can have a group, whose objective is to carry out research and development in a selected field of medicine. Whereas in the same company there is a group, whose objective is to market the medical device to a target population and another group whose objective is to ensure particular number of sales per month for that device. Usually when such groups have 10 or more individuals, it is often noted that even though the group achieves their objectives successfully, there will always be a percentage of individuals who are not as efficient as the others. Hence these never strive willingly for the objectives because they know that in-spite of their low efforts or motivation, the objectives will eventually be achieved. This can discourage the others who are working hard and over a period of time the objectives will be difficult to achieve as demands increase and the efforts are submaximal from the team. Hence, it is vital to influence people to strive willingly in order to have a more efficient and successful team. Here are a few suggested ways that I would use to influence people to strive willingly in order to attain group objectives: a. Influencing intrinsic factors – Monetary incentives, bonuses, reasonable salaries. These are important as basic monetary requirements of an employee must be adequately fulfilled to ensure they remain loyal to the company and don’t go looking for better offers and work half – heartedly.

Facts On Aids :: essays research papers

Facts On AIDS Cases of AIDS have been reported in 85 countries. It is estimated between 5 and 10 million people around the world now carry the AIDS virus and that as many as 100 million will become infected over the next 10 years. How can you become infected? 1. sexual intercourse a) vaginal b) anal c) oral Having another sexually transmitted disease such as syphilis, herpes or gonorrhea appears to make someone more susceptible to acquiring HIV infection during sex with an infected partner 2. blood transfusions - since November 1985 in Canada all blood and blood products are tested for HIV antibodies 3. infection drug users by sharing needles or syringes with someone already infected 4. during pregnancy, at birth or through breast feeding, an infected mother can pall the virus to her child How you cannot become infected: 1. sitting next to someone 2. touching or shaking hands 3. eating in a restaurant 4. sharing food, plates, cups or utensils 5. using bathrooms, water coolers, or telephones 6. swimming in a pool or using a hot tub 7. donating blood 8. being bitten by mosquitoes or any other insects Symptoms: Symptoms may not show for 10 years after you become infected by the HIV virus. A month or two after exposure to the virus there may be flu-like symptoms that may last a week to a month and is often mistaken for those of another viral infections. More persistent or severe symptoms that may not surface for a decade or more: - swollen lymph glands - recurrent fever, including "night sweats" - rapid weight loss for no apparent reason - constant fatigue - diarrhea and diminished appetite - white spots or unusual blemishes in the mouth Prevention: 1. abstain for sex 2.have protected sex with latex condoms whenever having anal, oral or vaginal sex 3. limit number of partners 4. do not share needles It is important to educate children for many reasons: 1. to reduce their fears about disease 2. to help delay the beginning of sexual activity 3. to encourage the use of condoms and safer sex practices if children are already sexually active There are many different aids you can use to help teach the children the facts on AIDS: - videos - games - guest speakers - quizzes - papers - presentations - question and answer periods For more information as a future teacher contact: - your local health unit or community health center - your local AIDS organization - AIDS hotlines - your doctor - your family planning clinic - library Be creative when educating children on AIDS. They love to learn about topics such as this if you put enjoyment in the learning process.

Difference between cost accounting and financial accounting Essay

?In recent years, the range of accounting application is expanding rapidly, along with the increasing demand of economic market. As is well known, accounting is a key aspect of business. And in the accounting profession, there has been already existed interpenetration and overlapping among the different kinds of accounting. Cost accounting and financial accounting are two main components of accountancy. The former one is a part of accounting. In cost accounting, it dramatically researches the variable cost, fixed cost, overheads and capital cost, which is beneficial to calculate the cost and control the cost. And in another part of accounting, financial accounting, we record the business and make the financial statements through this kind of approaches. There are lots of similarities and differences between these two methods. Meanwhile, each of them has its own scope of application. People use different accounting methods to solve different financial problems. Cost accounting refers to the total cost of the products. It is a mixture of financial accounting and management accounting, and it is a method to analyze the cost information. The former method is a procedure of gathering, calculating, concluding and evaluating various alternative courses of action, (Vanderbeck, E. J. 2013), while the latter one is a field of accounting, which is considered to be the provision of financial statements prepared for decision makers and other stakeholders. (Wikipedia, 2013). The latter method is the process of integrating financial data that taken from an organization’s accounting records and issuing in the form of statements for the advantages of people outside the organization for an interval time. (Weil, R. L. 2012). More and more differences are appeared in cost accounting and financial accounting. Firstly, we use them for different purposes. Cost accounting aims at calculating cost of production or service in a scientific way and then facilitating cost control and cost reduction. The main purpose of cost accounting is to analyze, determinate and control of the total cost. The purpose of financial accounting is to find out the results of an accounting year in the form of Profit and Loss Account and Balance Sheet. The main function of financial accounting is to record financial transactions, find out profit or loss and identify financial position. Next, they are different in recording. In cost accounting, both actual transactions record and estimations are used. For example, when we mentioned budgetary control and variance analyze, we set the standard cost which is based on the estimations on previous data. And these estimations may differ slightly from actual cost. While in financial accounting, since the recording is limited to use actual transaction, the estimation is not allowed to prepare income statements and balance sheets. In addition to the above, their control aspects are also diverse. For the cost accounting, we focus on the techniques of controlling the cost. For instance, a company is planning to generate three products, A, B and C. If the percentage of C is 40%, product A and B are produced at only 10%. We will intend to manage the cost of product A and B by means of different approaches. However, in financial accounting, we just ensure to record the transactions correctly, but are not concerned with the controlling of cost. (Kumar, V. 2012). At last, their forms of reference are different. In cost accounting, it is possible that there is no reference following. Regulation can be had only from a body of conventions followed by cost accountants. Nevertheless, in financial accounting, references can be made in case of difficulty to the company laws and case decisions. It is also a challenge for the canons of sound professional practice when to devise or operate a system of financial accounting. Although there are a number of differences between cost accounting and financial accounting, they still have something in common. One of the similarities is that they both based on the financial reports. Management accounting and financial accounting are two major branches of accounting. Therefore financial accounting belongs to the second level. Cost accounting is in the third level, as a branch of accounting information system, it provides record of cost and reports the number of information, and all these information is for the financial accounting. Financial accounting is used to produce financial reports and statements, including the balance sheet, income statement and statement of cash flows. Their financial reports are supported by each other. Moreover, both of them focus on ways to improve company performance. Even though one concentrates on parts of company, the other one focuses on the entire company. According to the financial statements, it can supply information of profitability and financial status to the interested outsiders. Useful information not only can be provided to the businessman for making decisions; also the reports can be used for cutting cost and acquiring more profit and wealth of business. The final objective is to take measures to understand their finances and enhance the performance through the financial report analysis. Accounting brings a great deal of help to us, at the same time we have to take into account the limitations of different accounting methods. One of the limitations facing by the cost accounting is that its inapplicability. Cost accounting is normally to accounting for the cost of industries. It is significant to identify the different categories of expenses and allocation of expenses, which is considered as a complicated system for accounting. In order to collect the data and prepare for the reports, different forms and formulas are needed. It is true that cost accounting cannot be applied with advantage to trading concerns and concerns of small size. As claimed by Nigam Lal B. M. et al. (2004), â€Å"There is no ready-made system of cost accounting applicable to all industries irrespective of their nature or the nature of the article produced or service rendered. The system should be adapted to the industry concerned. † Hence, it becomes complicated and it cannot apply to all types of industry. What is more, financial accounting also has some limitation such as its untimely information. This method is defined to supply information in the form of statements which always include Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Account for a period, once a year as usual. The information of expenditures is provided on the basis of historical transactions. So the information which merely indicates the past action is only concerned with historical interest and previous analysis. According to Siyanbola, T. T. (2012) said, â€Å"the business requires timely information at frequent intervals to enable the management to plan and take corrective action. † For example, during the current year, if a corporation has budgeted ? 240,000 sales for a year whereas the exact budget of every month is difficult to be recognized. In other words, the information about a relatively short period time can hardly be produced to some extent. Furthermore, financial accounting also lacks analysis of losses. It does not provide complete assessment of losses because of defective material, idle time, idle plant and equipment. Besides, it is difficult to analyze the distinction between avoidable and unavoidable wastage. People will not know the information about losses. In summarize, both of the two accounting methods are good techniques for ascertaining profitability and helpful for decision making. Cost accounting is an essential aspect of accounting information about the problems of core managerial control while the object of financial accounting, which is different from the former one, is to identify the profitability and to give information about the financial position of the business. Even though there are some distinguish and approximation between them, we regard different accounting methods as guidance in the office, so long as more attention should be paid to their limitations.

Perception and Portrayal of the Abolitionist

Societal values have changed so much since a hundred years ago. The development of science and the introduction of many intellectual movements have contributed much to these changes. Ideals which were deemed erroneous or immoral can be accepted and welcomed, and those widely accepted as scientific truths and fact can be debunked and proved wrong as well. But it is wrong to assume that every pillar in society can be changed. Several values and ideals have stood the test of time and were deemed universally and chronologically constant, because this is how society wants them to remain.These values, standards and norms therefore could be likened to a lens, since society uses these things to assess situations and the environmental factors they are exposed to. Everything that happens can be processed differently by different individuals, depending on the lens that he or she uses. There are some who manage to deviate from the norm and use unconventional â€Å"lenses† to view their en vironments and act upon situations differently than the usual. Similarly, how these people are viewed by the rest of society depend on the current value system.Usually, many of these revolutionaries become ostracized or even killed for their beliefs, as the changes they want to bring about may not agree or even violate some of the accepted norms and ideologies. John Brown is one such revolutionary, proposing change in the midst of pro-slavery America. His unconventional ideas and methods went against many standards of pro-slavery society that many saw threatening. However, as times changed and some values and ideologies were revolutionized, society’s views on John Brown’s life also changed.Some viewed him as a brilliant man who saw through American society’s fault, or a hero who died for the freedom of men who were stripped of liberty. Some also viewed him as a madman, a crazy zealot and one of America’s first terrorists. John Brown is also portrayed in v arious ways in popular culture, as his life and words are used in songs, plays and TV shows. Statement of the Problem As a prominent American historical figure, society’s opinion on John Brown is highly influenced by culture and value systems. However, it is a given that some of these values continuously fluctuate and some remain throughout time.With the changes in time and values from the time of John Brown’s active action and his death, how did public perception of him change? If so, what are the factors that affect these changes? Objectives This paper seeks to shed some light on how John Brown was viewed throughout history and time and what factors affected these perceptions of his character. An analysis of information regarding his portrayal in popular culture and a discussion on how these portrayals came about shall be included in this paper. Significance of the StudyThis study is geared towards looking at and analyzing John Brown’s life and seeing how soci ety viewed him while he was alive and after his death. Since it has been established that there has been a conflicting public opinion regarding John Brown, this study will help shed some light on the reasons for this differing public opinion and analyze the factors that contribute to these differences. Using John Brown as a base, sociological dynamics can be more fully understood. Scope and Limitations This study shall only be using online articles, journals and some books as its reference.Data shall be gathered from these materials and a suitable data analysis by the author shall be the basis of the conclusions made in this paper. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. Abolitionism and Slavery in the United States The Roots of Slavery Slavery in the United States involved the selling, purchase, ownership of African or even Native American slaves. It first began when the English built their community in Virginia in 1607 and ended up being widely-accepted tradition until 1865. Many of the s laves were gathered from pagan countries and this was written into law by 1705.In Columbia, a slave is defined in law as a human being who is â€Å"deprived of his or her liberty for life and is the property of another. † It was legal to own and keep slaves for as long as they were still alive from 1654 to 1865. By 1860, ownership of slaves has become so widespread that a fourth of the population during that time are comprised of slaves. Disease, famine and damages caused by the war against Native Americans have kept available labor down, and this made importation of slaves more palatable for many business men. The slaves were treated as capital for labor intensive commerce such as the cash crop industry of tobacco.They were considered as the life line of the south’s agricultural industry. A large proportion of the slaves were owned by farmers from the south, as a single farmer there owned an average of 20 slaves. Labor intensive commerce was mostly found in the south as these regions grew tobacco, cotton and sugar as primary exports. Many of the slaves were found in these farms, and here they contributed much to the economic welfare of the country. Racial basis of slavery were not only applied to Africans and Native Americans, but also to some members of the Caucasian race.Some Europeans were also utilized as slaves under a contract to pay debts. These white slaves were only held for a limited amount of time and not fully owned like African slaves. Westward Expansion The westward expansionist tradition of the country not only brought about territory, but it also spread both the tradition of slavery. Many of the cotton farmers moved west and brought their slaves with them. Historians call this period the Second Middle Passage. Many of the slaves were forcefully removed from their families and communities to work for new farms in the west.This slave exodus marked one of the most significant periods in African slavery. African slaves were subjected to psychological stress due to their forceful exclusion from their families and familiar environments. The westward movement was extremely difficult. Aside from the psychological hardship that being away from their families presented, they were also subjected to physical difficulties. Most of them were forced to travel on foot, only stopping in temporary holding pens for slaves where further slave trade was performed. The slaves were mobilized in shackles and chains as traders feared violence ensuing from the slaves.In their destination, extremely difficult work was waiting for them. Many of the areas in the west were still undeveloped, and so the burden of clearing forests, building barns and pioneer-planting crops in the fields were placed on the slaves’ shoulders. Alongside the exhaustion from the intense labor, unfavourable working conditions and amenities contributed to the high mortality rate of newly arrived slaves. This condition was so economically unfavourable for the slave owners that many of them resorted to temporarily renting slaves than using their own to complete the work.Many of the slaves resisted after being exposed to such dreadful conditions which ultimately gave the farmers and their overseers more reason to resort to cruelty and aggression to control slaves. Brutalities towards the slaves were institutionalized by the court. Overseers can physically harm slaves and in some cases, even kill the dissenting slave. The owners were authorized by court to use the slaves and their families at his disposal. Members of the family can be used by the owner to pay-off debts or increase income by selling them as slaves.It is common to find slave families broken and hurt from the separation of husbands, wives and children from one another. The slaves were given amenities and benefits like food, health care and clothing but only to a bare minimum. Disabling slaves by maiming them and executions for fugitive slaves were allowed by law. Sexual ab use and rape of the slaves was also rampant. In court, slaves were considered sub-human. If one does commit a crime, however, he is considered as an entity capable of thought and act, and thus is regarded as a rational being.With all these brutalities toward slaves, it is important to note that the treatment of slaves is dependent on skin color. Light-skinned slaves were dressed, fed and treated better than the dark-skinned ones who worked mostly in the fields. Anti-slavery supporters coming from the north knew of the brutalities and abuses inflicted on the slaves of the south. They sought to stop the institution of slavery, and this produced much tension between the two parties. The north’s movement to abolish slavery went against the economic favourability of slavery during that time.The economy dictated the increasing value of labor intensive industries in the south, and so labourers are needed more than ever. Abolitionist movement With the enlightenment and awareness of p eople regarding human rights came the abolitionist movement. Slavery was something that violated the basic tenet of human rights and dignity, and so it had to be abolished. Northern states have begun to pass acts which declared that all men were born free and equal. Several movements that involved religion and political movements highly influenced the strength and expanse of abolitionist ideals throughout the country.The movements that supported abolitionism varied in method and degree. Some were pacifist, as they tried to use the legal system and passed legislation seeking to make slavery illegal. Others utilized literature and the press like Harriet Beecher Stowe, the author of the famous novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin. Religious movements declared slavery to be sinful and un-Christian, to discourage believers from keeping and owning slaves. Only a minority of abolitionists used to armed revolt and instigation of unrest and anger among the slaves as the main machinery to further t heir cause.The movement continued its stride to abolish slavery, but its strongest anchor point came with the election of a known contester of slavery, Abraham Lincoln, as president. With the head of state holding this position of opposition of slavery, the south felt that their way of life was endangered and threatened. Economic repercussions will be felt by their planters in the cotton, tobacco and sugar farms if the hands that worked in the plantations were to be set free. The zenith of the tensions between the south and the north was the American Civil war.It broke out when the south organized and removed themselves from the control of the American government. Rise of Abolitionism Historian James McPherson defined an abolitionist as a person who has fought for the abolition of slavery in the United States before the Civil war. American abolition started early on, as there were several groups already fighting for the liberation of slaves, such as the Society of Relief of Free Neg roes Unlawfully Held in Bondage, and there were several institutions which prohibited slavery already.Several states had passed laws that completely prohibited slavery in their territories. Those who joined the American Anti-Slavery Society or other groups were abolitionists. These movements were not unified, and so could not boast a unified strength. Vermont was the first territory to make slavery illegal, and Pennsylvania was the first state to abolish slavery in 1780. Then several states followed Pennsylvania’s example while some states chose to limit slave trading. Many of the states in the south retained the institution of slavery as it was the region’s life line in their plantations.Their strong adherence to the institution drove them to take a defensive stance against the rising popularity of the abolitionist movement. Many abolitionist writers distributed many anti-slavery writings and literature to the south to help spread the ideologies. Novels, pamphlets and other forms of writing began to circulate not just in the north, but also in the southern region. Southern officials were enraged at the act, and thus moved to ban all types of literature that might instigate rebellion and changes in the south. Violence was even employed to stop the circulation of antislavery media in the south.Elijah Parish Lovejoy, the editor of an abolitionist newspaper was murdered by a mob of pro-slavery southerners. His printing press was also destroyed. Abolitionists recognized the fact that slavery needed to be abolished everywhere in the country, but the north cannot interfere with the affairs of the south because of federal ruling. Because of this, many abolitionists focused on liberating the north and skipping the southern states. Some abolitionists were frustrated and did not like this idea, as they believed that every state should be free of slavery.The movement was further fortified by the support of free African-Americans and their church. With the i ssue of the constitution, the American Abolitionist movement split up into two groups, the Garrisonians, led by William Garrison and Wendell Phillips and another camp led by Spooner and Gerrit Smith. The Garrisonians believed that the constitution promoted slavery while Spooner’s group believed the constitution to be antislavery. Since slavery was unconstitutional, it could be abolished with the blessing of the law.More divisions in the abolitionist movement arose, but because of the social classes of the abolitionists themselves. The artisans and elites divided themselves on the issue of slavery as well. The Underground Railroad was used as a venue by many abolitionists to become more active in the cause for abolition of slavery. Many of the fugitive slaves were illegally transported away from their masters to be free men via this rail. But the railroad was made illegal by the passing of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850. But this did not stop the abolitionists from providing s helter and transporting slaves to freedom.

People Dont Appreciate The United States †Creative Writing Essay

People Dont Appreciate The United States – Creative Writing Essay Free Online Research Papers People Dont Appreciate The United States Creative Writing Essay Being a United States citizen is a great privilege to all that live here because of all the rights you have. Someone is not in control of you. You have the freedom of speech and the right to vote when you’re eighteen. And other countries don’t have that to offer. Some people don’t appreciate what the United States is offering to them and they take it for granted and think that it sucks and they think the other countries are better. They have no clue about a lot of things and we’re one of the best countries in the world. And I think that our country is great, I just don’t like where I live in this country, I mean its ok, but there nothing to do, but its fine, I guess. The United States is the best county I think and I hope people have more respect for our country and don’t think that we got it bad. We don’t have it bad, its there reason that it’s bad for them, not the United States, all they had to do is to go get a job. We have it easy compared to the people in Africa and South America, they don’t have a chance to get a job and if they do they would work for almost nothing I just hope they realize what we have and don’t take it for granted, and be proud to be a United States citizen. Not always complaining for what they don’t have and be more focused on what they do have in the United States. Research Papers on People Don't Appreciate The United States - Creative Writing EssayThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This Nice19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeBringing Democracy to AfricaPETSTEL analysis of IndiaDefinition of Export QuotasCapital PunishmentHip-Hop is Art

22 Reasons Being a Nurse is Really Hard

22 Reasons Being a Nurse is Really Hard You’re a nurse. You want to be a nurse. You know someone who’s a nurse. No matter what your connection to nursing, we’re here to tell you just how hard it is for these folks who strive daily to keep us all alive and well. There’s no question about it, being a nurse is really hard. Here are 22 prime examples of just how hard nursing can be.Nurses Must Have Extreme Confidence at All Times1. They routinely have to make life-and-death decisions for multiple patients at a time, often with little notice or preparation, i.e. a five-minute shift report.2. They can get transferred to a wing or department for a day (that they know almost nothing about) and be expected to act as though they’ve been at it for 20 years.Nurses Have Encyclopedic Knowledge and Stellar Memory3. They’ll get berated by a doctor for the one thing they forgot, but never thanked for the 1001 things they manage to hold in their head throughout a shift.4. They have to know all there is to know about 18,000+ medications: etiology, classification, contraindications, dosage, allergies, etc.5. They need to be able to determine the significance of lab results and decide whether to bring in a doctor in the middle of the night if there are obscure abnormalities in your bloodwork or tests.6. They actually read the research findings taped to the back of the bathroom stall door by the higher-ups.7. No matter how old they are, they’re often asked to learn whole new software systems from scratch.8. They can take your pulse with nothing but their fingers and a watch in 15 seconds flat.Nurses are Caretakers of Everyone Around Them†¦9. They have to figure out what to feed themselves and their families while they’re cleaning out your catheters and bedpans.10. They have to manage care- PT, OT, radiology, diet, social services, medications, consultants, and wound care- for multiple patients at a time, but also remember where they put their car keys.11. They n eed a doctor’s permission to write you a prescription for extra strength ibuprofen, but are routinely trusted to float catheters through patients’ hearts and veins to monitor them on the regular.†¦At the Expense of Their Own Health12. If they want to eat, they probably have to have the names and phone numbers of all the local take-out places stored in their memory.13. They often arrive at work when it’s still dark out and go home after it’s dark again.14. They feel guilty leaving their patients for the 1o to 30  minutes they (maybe) get to take for lunch.15. They spend 12+ hours a day on their feet and still are told by their own doctors that they should get more exercise.16. They probably have two dozen sets of scrubs, but none without a stain from someone’s bodily fluid.17. More often than not, they won’t get a chair when they need one at the nurses’ station.The Have a Unique Set of Quirks and Everyday Problems18. They might have to choose a doctor for themselves based on whether that doctor is kind to nurses.19. They have to know their patients by diagnosis and room number before they can bother with a name.20. They probably feel naked without their stethoscope, pen, or other crucial implement.21. Their worst nightmares involve anything from losing patients to doctors calling them and they can’t find a patient’s chart.22. They have to learn to read doctors’ â€Å"handwriting.†Bottom line: it’s hard to be a nurse. If you are one, thank you for all you do. If you’re not, go thank a nurse!

THE GLOBAL ECONOMY_2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

THE GLOBAL ECONOMY_2 - Essay Example In the last few years, however, this has changed dramatically. Rising government debt, and indeed, the economic health of several nations, is now at the center of the public policy debate. The results of the recent national election in Britain, was in part, a reflection of public dissatisfaction with the state of the economy and the growth in the level of debt under the Labour Party’s administration. As long as deficits are kept at manageable levels and as long as the economy experiences growth, there is no need for concern. The question, of course, is what constitutes â€Å"manageable† and what level of economic growth is sufficient to honour the repayment of the debt? Economists prefer to compute a measure of debt as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) because it is a reliable indicator that controls for the size of the economy. For example, if the U.K.’s debt is five percent of GDP in a given year and Denmark’s debt ratio is nine percent of GDP, we have a reasonably accurate means of examining the comparative debt level even though the economic output of each country is different. The International Monetary Fund data shows that during most of the 1990s, the annual debt to GDP ratios for Britain and the United States averaged between three and five percent [http://www.imfstatistics.org]. This was considered acceptable because the economies of the two countries were growing at between four and six percent per year. In 2010, the Congressional Budget Office estimates the debt to GDP ratio for the US at 9.9% of GDP while economic growth is estimated at 3.2 percent [http://www.cbo.gov]. The Statistics Office estimates that the debt to GDP ratio for the U.K. in 2010 at 10.6% of GDP with economic growth forecast at 3 percent [http://www.statsitics.gov.uk]. The current debt to GDP ratios for both countries are clearly unsustainable. Warnings have recently been issued to the U.K. that the country’s credit rating may be lowered over fear

Strategic IT Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Strategic IT Management - Essay Example The Harvard Guru Michael Porter (1985) described in his book 'Competitive Advantage' that value for the customers can be created by efficiently linking and managing the series of primary and supporting activities in an organisation. Porter's Value Chain Model is represented in the diagram below. (NetMBA, 2002) This model shows that inputs are taken in, processed and converted into outputs and finally sold to the customers to maximize profits. Lets take an in depth view of these activities to analyse the role of information technology. By analysing the value chain of the company, we can identify that primary activities of the delivery team would be system architecture, system requirements, development of the system, test and implementation and finally deployment. After-sales service and technical support is the on-going facility that the company provides. In each and every activity, the company adds value to the previous stage to develop a differentiated product that satisfies the customer's needs. (Jenz, 2003) Inbound Logistics - The inbound logistics for the software development company include the system architecture, the IT infrastructure and the system requirements.